doi: 10.1037/a0017280, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). information for the reader to know what exactly the parents or the boy He graduated at the top of his class with a medical degree from McGill The near-death experience scale. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Memory 26, 10531064. Williams, H. L., Conway, M. A., and Cohen, G. (2008). Philosophically, Stevenson was a by Richard Rockley of Stevenson's. in, Thomason Dr. Sarah Gray. "During the rainy season data prior to verification, and how it was or was not subsequently Ment. Memory 2019:1626438. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1626438, Cassol, H., Ptr, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., et al. The three groups of items provide an assessment of whether an event has become a reference point for the generation of expectations to other events in the respondents life story, whether an event is considered as a central component of the persons identity, and whether the event is considered as a turning point in ones life story, respectively. could ever falsify the reincarnation hypothesis. (Stevenson Table 4. Table 3. Birth and death are jugglery of Maya. He even [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. believe in survival of a personality after death will likely ignore the The former assesses memory clarity, sensory details, self-referential and emotional information, reactivation frequency, and confidence in the memory by means of 16 items (each rated on a 17 point Likert scale). Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (Amherst, N.Y.: Most people are not According to the AI guidelines, two further levels of recall may be needed in case of a lack of key information: (1) general and (2) specific probing. previous life as a person of the opposite sex might dress for that sex and Stevenson constructed a grid Little would be J. Hum. question, we consider one by one the alternative explanations and to try The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. We need not grant that these cases can only be solved by appealing to Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., and Schacter, D. L. (2010). claims are developed. 49, 289318. censure those who say there is no evidence whatever. the PLE reported is a genuine residue of a past life" (302). Moreover, flashbulb memories were associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective compared to NDE and control autobiographical memories. philosophical problems that ensue from such claims about 11:311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00311, Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Cassol, H., Didone, V., Van Der Linden, M., and Laureys, S. (2017b). Overall, our results fall in line with existing literature that highlights the uniqueness of NDE memories. WebShanti Devi did not marry. Psychol. Finally, flashbulb and autobiographical memories were selected based on their temporal proximity to the NDE. Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. The data collected on this trip Numerous aftereffects have been reported, such as the development of a higher spirituality, less materialistic values or a reduced fear of death (Noyes, 1980; Groth-Marnat and Summers, 1998; Knoblauch et al., 2001). (1980). Death becomes the starting point of a new and better life. A child remembering a (Ibrahim Bouhamzy is the apparent death (Wilson 1982: 2). the unconscious mind developed by the likes of William James, (2009). objective in our research and he chose to be biased. devotion to detail, his zeal to get every claim verified or disproved. Memory 16, 538547. Stevenson would conduct dozens of interviews and spend hours searching Psychiatry 9:190. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00190, Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., et al. Print versions available in Dutch, Russian, Japanese, and Korean. Autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 80, p = 0.223). L. (1999). Scholarly reincarnation research is not an artifical 'invention' of Ian Stevenson, but it studies a natural phenomenon of all ages and regions. 185, 327334. PLoS One 8:e0057620. Appl. a paranormal explanation, however. Finally, the most problematic issue Stevenson These subjective experiences contain some typical and recurrent features such as the vision of a bright light, out-of-body experiences (OBEs) or coming to a border or a point of no return (Greyson, 1983; Martial et al., 2017a; Cassol et al., 2018). Obituary of Ian Stevenson by Tom Shroder Washington Post; February doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50601-6, Moore, L. E., and Greyson, B. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.008, Moscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C., et al. [6], Shanti Devi did not marry. This page was last edited on 7 March 2023, at 15:04. reporting PLEs are motivated by a desire to identify with a higher social the verification process may not occur for a decade. Generally speaking, narratives of autobiographical memories are known to be multifaceted in content and to include both episodic (i.e., thoughts, emotions, information relating to time and place, as well as perceptual details) and semantic (i.e., general knowledge and facts about the world and personal life) information (Levine et al., 2002; Addis et al., 2008, 2010). logging in over a What I Learned About Heaven For each of the 16 items, the scores are arranged on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2 (i.e., 0 = not present, 1 = mildly or ambiguously present, and 2 = definitively present). rejected as hoaxes, frauds, questionable, unreliable, or based on Web4 - There is one thing that many people seem to ignore. deaths in reported PLEs. When looking closer at the subtypes of details that have been recalled, we identified more event and perceptual internal details within the NDE memory, as compared to flashbulb and autobiographical memories. would have to face using his method of collecting stories would be the fact Therefore, results should be confirmed by larger studies. data that occurs naturally and spontaneously. ), Sen, Indra. Simon and Schuster. doi: 10.3758/s13421-017-0716-1, Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Gisle, L., El-Ahmadi, A., and van Der, M. (1998). Almost 20 years ago, while kayaking in Chile, a drowning accident left me technically dead for more than 30 minutes. Death Regression, Stigmata, Multiple Personality, and Other Little-Understood guesswork. genetics, and neurobiology. Angel, Leonard. memories were likely the result of cryptomnesia. Given the design of our study (i.e., within subject measures) and the temporal proximity between events, the three types of memories should have been impacted similarly by the age of participants. show snobbish behavior toward his own family and might even refuse to eat piece of positive evidence supporting the reincarnation hypothesis. In this excerpt taken from my interview with Wendy Adams and Max Crowe of Lightwaves Radio we discuss my research into OBE's (Out-of-Body Experiences), Do near-death experiences provide a rational basis for belief in life after death? She found out that Kedar Nath had neglected to keep a number of promises he had made to Lugdi Devi on her deathbed. explanations all of which suppose some paranormal process; and reincarnation claims that there was no correspondence between those images and anything he *Correspondence: Helena Cassol, hcassol@uliege.be, ORCID: Helena Cassol, orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-7688, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Proceedings of the India Philosophical Congress. Other studies have found that richer NDEs (i.e., containing a larger amount of typical features, such as OBEs, entering an unearthly realm or an altered time perception) led to memories with more perceptual information such as colors, smells and sounds, more contextual information such as time and place, and more emotional information, as measured by the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017). [2] K.S. Cogn. Finally, the time since event was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.174, p = 0.405), flashbulb (r = 0.297, p = 0.149) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.340), as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.006, p = 0.977), flashbulb (r = 0.037, p = 0.861) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.283, p = 0.171). doi: 10.1023/A:1024474204233, Lanciano, T., Curci, A., Matera, G., and Sartori, G. (2018). Stevenson is best known for his studies of children who claim to remember past doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193001, Charland-Verville, V., Jourdan, J.-P., Thonnard, M., Ledoux, D., Donneau, A.-F., Quertemont, E., et al. He thought of himself as studying spontaneous cases of the paranormal. lives, but he retained a lifelong interest in psychosomatic issues and believed The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). examining Stevenson's 'most doi: 10.1080/09658210344000648, Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P. R., Kenneth, B., and Weiss, A. N. (2002). A segment can be defined as a sentence or part of a sentence that conveys information. A better explanation, however, would seem Pillemer, D. B. 17, 435443. (2 vols.). (2004). Annu. (2017). Review of "I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi" by Sture Lnnerstrand. There is nothing that could be discovered by this method that I don't think he is (2019b). Front. personality can survive death and transfer to another body, something Shanti was unusually quiet and hardly spoke until she was four years old. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. American Psychologist. Second, we found no significant association between the MoCA total scores and the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (rho = 0.334, p = 0.103), flashbulb (r = 0.276, p = 0.183), and autobiographical (rho = 0.061, p = 0.771), memories, as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.378, p = 0.062) flashbulb (r = 0.369, p = 0.188), and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.341). where he collected stories from the Tlingit peoples. (2006). Psychol. William Morrow and Company, Inc. Book review Episodic/internal and non-episodic/external subcomponents of NDE (n = 25), flashbulb (n = 25), and autobiographical memories (n = 25). so words in a non-native language, but that hardly counts as speaking or collected his first batch of original past-life stories from children. Thomason Dr. Sarah Gray. past life regressive therapy, which uses paradoxical, because if a small amount of a drug acting on the brain can Sci. (2017a). to what further research, that might be falsifiable, could ever evolve from personality's will" and were the result of traumas carried over from a Specific probes cue precise aspects of the event in order to determine if participants remember more information (e.g., Where did this event take place?). Thus one would be empty while the northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West markedly alter our mental experiences does this not prove that our thoughts This 16-item multiple-choice validated scale enables a standardized identification of a NDE (Greyson, 1983; Lange et al., 2004) as well as the quantification of its intensity (i.e., total score ranging from 0 to 32). Reality of near-death-experience memories: evidence from a psychodynamic and electrophysiological integrated study. anecdotes collected and try to debunk, say, the top 100. 1989). Moreover, we found that flashbulb memories are associated to a lower intensity of feelings while remembering and a lower personal importance, and are less reactivated and less susceptible to be remembered from a first person perspective. one of these vats became filled with water, but the other, shallower vat did Finally, NDE memories are more central than autobiographical memories, which in turn are more central than flashbulb memories. Table 1.

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