In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. [101] In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI issued a less sweeping apology for the wrongs done in the conversion of indigenous peoples. American colonies | Facts, History, and Definition | Britannica Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. [81] In Mexico, Don Martn Corts, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernn Corts, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. Terraciano, Kevin. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." Direct link to braydon.cook's post Who had? respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. [156], For the conquest of Mexico, a 2019 eight-episode Mexican TV miniseries Hernn depicts the conquest of Mexico. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. 1 (2012): 26-40. [106] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. 378-79. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. Which statements accurately describe the culture or geography - Brainly Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. Why did the Spanish choose to enslave native people? In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. 10 Facts About the Spanish Conquistadors - ThoughtCo Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. The empire in the Indies was a newly established dependency of the kingdom of Castile alone, so crown power was not impeded by any existing cortes (i.e. [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 17001746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 17591788). But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. Direct link to 27juliak's post Is there any instances wh, Posted 2 years ago. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. Direct link to David Alexander's post Leaving native people alo, Posted 5 years ago. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. 37 (2) May 1957. [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. Posted 4 years ago. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. [citation needed], Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (18961974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. Warren, J. Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. What Impact Did Spanish Colonization Have On The Western Part Of North Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. Ida Altman, S.L. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. That expedition was to make world history. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. [147] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. Rowe, John. apush mcq 1 Flashcards | Quizlet By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. The Spanish gained an early foothold in the colonies, quickly becoming the most powerful European power in the New World. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . A key to this was the cooperation between most indigenous elites with the new ruling structure. The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. Question 1. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. Dressing, J. David. Figure 1. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. 37 Questions Show answers. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. Spanish Colonies | United States History I [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. Direct link to trell2267's post Why didn't the spanish ju, Posted 3 years ago. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. [10] The Nahuas after the Conquest. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. 2, p. 99. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. Q4 . During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. Direct link to Michael Fulcher's post How did spain handle all , Posted 3 years ago. How did native people shape the course of Spanish conquest? The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. Castao, Victoria Ros. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. In areas of sparse population, ranching of cattle (ganado mayor) and smaller livestock (ganado menor) such as sheep and goats ranged widely and were largely feral. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. The crown enacted Laws of Burgos (1513) and the Requerimiento to curb the power of the Spanish conquerors and give indigenous populations the opportunity to peacefully embrace Spanish authority and Christianity. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". How did spain handle all the inflation? For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance 30 seconds. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the vast territory. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, "Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain to 1600", Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, The Political Force of Images, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 15201820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1151061142, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States.

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