The trend is now to take more account of diversity and change rather than generalizing about orality or literacy as supposedly uniform entities. endobj /A 51 0 R Between Orality and Literacy: Communication and Adaptation in << A further twist came in McLuhan's (1964) and Ong's (1982) vision of electrical and electronic technologies as ushering in a new age of secondary orality. Both the Internet and oral tradition operate via navigation through webs of options; both depend upon multiple, distributed authorship; both work through rule-governed processes rather than fossilized texts; and both ultimately derive their strength from their ability to change and adapt. W. Raible, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. This implies that technology literacy and fluency relate to changes in traditional cultural techniques such as reading and writing, and yet meanwhile opening up new dimensions to what it means to be a competent reader and writer in our culture. Electracy emerged out of literacy beginning with the Industrial Revolution. /Type /Page Transmedia is therefore taken as a case in point to demonstrate how functions of the catalogue should be developing towards: meeting the expectations of those users who are already accustomed to following the content across multiple modalities, supporting multiple literacies and the ability to map meaning across different media in less-experienced users, providing support for library edutainment activities aimed at developing multiple literacies, encouraging information sharing with other knowledge organising communities, particularly those in the heritage sector, such as archives and museums, tapping into collective intelligence of a wider community to overcome organisational and financial issues, R.L. 1.2 Philosophy: The Origins of Critical Thinking. The German literary scientist and media theorist Friedrich Kittler has described this as the development of different cultural techniques over time (Kittler, 1990). A scene-setting chapter that situates Ongs work within the historical and disciplinary context of post-war Americanism and the rise of communication and media studies; A closing chapter that follows up Ongs work on orality and literacy in relation to evolving media forms, with a discussion of recent criticisms of Ongs approach, and an assessment of his concept of the evolution of consciousness; Extensive references to recent scholarship on orality, literacy and the study of knowledge technologies, tracing changes in how we know what we know. /Rect [50.0 413.568 427.448 425.568] /Contents 44 0 R /Type /Page << Both in human and mediated communication, differences can be recognized with respect to orality and literacy. As more research is created in the field, librarians can incorporate these new ideas into the ways they assist patrons with accessing, understanding, and producing information. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Omissions? It refers to any technology, or tool, that facilitates communication and social interaction. He argues that there is not a distinct divide between oral and literate cultures as most societies and individuals show variety in their use of oral or literate modes of communication depending on the situation. Without writing, the literate mind would not and could not think as it does, not only when engaged in writing but normally even when it is composing its thoughts in oral form. The field of composition studies draws on research and theories from a broad range of humanistic disciplinesEnglish studies, rhetoric, cultural studies, LGBT studies, gender studies, critical theory, education, technology studies, race studies, communication, philosophy of language, anthropology, sociology, and othersand from within composition and rhetoric studies, where a number of subfields have also developed, such as technical communication, computers and composition, writing across the curriculum, research practices, and the history of these fields. >> As Sukovic explains: Thinking about transliteracy includes different abilities and skill sets, but transliteracy is mainly about movement across a whole range of contexts, technologies, and modalities. Oral and literate traditions /Metadata 4 0 R They also challenge older assumptions about oral forms being fleeting, evanescent, and essentially variable, in contrast to the fixed, permanent, and authoritative properties of writing. endobj His many publications have been highly influential for studies in the evolution of consciousness. Product and Process, Literacy and Orality: An Essay on G>8;u7*0BH4f(. A patient-centered communication style that incorporates patient preferences, assesses literacy and numeracy, and addresses cultural barriers to care should be used. Most scholars agree that writing was developed independently in at least three places: the Middle East, China, and, later, in Central America. I like that you put this in the forefront to acknowledge our inherent bias and limitation. While Confucian and neo-Confucian educational principles did stress individual development as self cultivation, the emphasis of formal schooling, especially in later neo-Confucian institutions, focused more on situating the individual within the hierarchical structure of society than on actually developing the potential of individuals (Kalton, 1977, pp. Knowledge consists of memorizing important stories that had been passed down as a tradition: stories about gods, heroes, important battles, how the seasons change, and more mundane skills, like how to hunt or make a spear. In our digital environment there are some knowns and absolutes to hold on to with certainty, but conversely there is much uncertainty and many unknowns. 7 0 obj /Length 865 I highly recommend this book for an introduction to the field. Others criticize the idea that a single technological invention such as writing could create such a divide and suggest that a continuum rather than a dichotomy exists between oral and literate societies. SOPHISTICATED STORYTELLING. Linked to the interest in consequences was the so-called oralityliteracy debate. This revolved round the question of whether there is some generalizable divide between oral and literate cultures, and/or between oral and literate minds. R. Finnegan, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. To cite this chapter in a reference page using APA: Beach, J. M. (2013). I found Ongs analysis of primary oral cultures and literate cultures extremely interesting despite finding it hard to believe that the invention of writing has single-handedly transformed human thought processes. endstream The Interaction between Orality and Literacy in the Basque Some cults engineered the abolition of marriage exchange and incest prohibition, and prophets and followers alike engaged in unrestrained sexuality (Rimoldi and Rimoldi, 1992). /Tabs /S /Type /Page Anthropologists attempted to figure why cargo movements occurred in onevillage while bypassing another. COMPUTER LANGUAGE (which resemble human language), stated explicitly in words only with difficulty and never completely, transdialectual language formed by deep commitment to writing, a text means converting it to sound, syllable-by-syllable in slow or sketchily in rapid reading, humans in a primary oral culture learn through, untouched by any knowledge of writing or print, locks oral speech into visual field forever, produce powerful and beautiful verbal performances of high artistic and human worth, READ, WRITE, USE DIGITAL DEVICE, SPEAK, SOCIAL LITERACY, MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY, NUMERICAL LITERACY, FORMATIVE, HISTORICAL REVISIONISM, MORAL VALUE, POLITICAL FUNCTION, ENTERTAINMENT, CULTURAL PRESERVATION, shift from oral tradition to literate cultures. 12. This is something people have always done, but modern technologies have brought different areas of our lives closer together and amplified the complexities of moving across them. << /Rotate 0 The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), a not-for-profit professional In Orality and Literacy, Ong discusses the differences between oral and literate cultures, and makes an argument that thought processes in literate cultures are different than those in primary oral cultures. of English and the language arts at all levels of education. In her book Literacy for Sustainable Development in the Age of Information Rassool (1999) presents an overview of different debates on literacy during the last decades. In the 1930s, for example, two American scholars, Milman Parry and Albert Lord, conducted extensive fieldwork on oral tradition in the former Yugoslavia. Apparatus theory (developed by the Tel Quel group, 19601982) opposes technological determinism by defining literacy and electracy as invented, partly technological and partly ideological desiring machines. 28-29) and artistic expression (Diamond, 1992, p. 170). The essays in Between Orality and Literacy address how oral and literature practices intersect as messages, texts, practices, and traditions move and change, because And they enabled religious leaders to write down sacred stories and codes of conduct to preserve the moral order. Men achieve personal reputation and also political status with a comprehensive grasp of family genealogy, history, personal and place names, ritual procedures, and curing and divination skills. >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The majority of people were not literate because they still found their older oral traditions important and meaningful, and because there were not many schools to teach common people how to read, write, or think. Understanding literature and literary genres has been a cornerstone of the traditional liberal arts curriculum. The social aspects of transliteracy can enhance the workplace by creating robust systems of knowledge sharing and can enhance user experience by granting them a role in the construction of information. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Two important factors proposed to explain the distribution of cult outbreaks were the degree of people's sense of relative deprivation how unhappy they were with their current lives vis--vis the past, their future aspirations, or their neighbors and the absence of a strong, local power structure. Keywords: Weba new model of intercultural bilingual education that takes orality as a point of departure for the development of literacy and makes extensive use of available ICTs in order to provide students with socially relevant material and culturally contextualised learning. see Durkheim, Emile (18581917)). 17.6: References - Social Sci LibreTexts Diabetes. endobj In many literate cultures we continue to use Knowledge of the true and the good enabled wisdom, which can be roughly defined as using knowledge practically to live life better and to enable a more prosperous and harmonious society (Nozick, 1989, pp. /Rotate 0 In an oral culture knowledge must be stored in the collective memory of the people, not in texts written by people. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. /Contents 34 0 R /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R literacy With this information in hand, Parry and Lord were able to draw a meaningful analogy to the ancient Greek Iliad and Odyssey, which derived from oral tradition and obey many of the same rules of composition. A further twist comes in McLuhan's and Ong's vision of electrical and electronic technologies as ushering in a new age of secondary orality. This further links to suggestions that the apparent bias towards vision in Western cultures, often associated particularly with Gutenberg's printing press, is now being redressed by new opportunities for audio-communication, hence a greater role, once again, for oral expression. /Parent 2 0 R I will be following up the references in it for quite some time. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), Conceptions of Technology Literacy and Fluency, International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), A distinction is traditionally made between, International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition), Electracy is to digital technology what literacy is to alphabetic writing. Recently, it made possible the Internet that relies heavily on script, integrating other media as well. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Orality and Literacy - Biblical Studies - Oxford Each tool enables and constrains our ability to create and debate knowledge. Musical styles and textual themes, Ong (1977) has shown how almost all fundamental human questions can be rephrased in terms of orality-literacy tensions, an excellent way of illuminating the extent of this problem (cf. /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 While mediality is trivial, the conceptual aspect is best conceived of as a continuum, thus blurring any clearcut distinction between orality and scripturality. /S /D Literacy and Society: 18. /A 49 0 R The community would often participate with the story teller in retelling or singing the story together in a ritualized way (Havelock, 1963, pp. /Type /Page >> Your opening comment is an excellent frame through with to view Ongs work, and really, any work on primary oral cultures that we consider through literate eyes. This also points to the relationship between mastery and appropriation (Wertsch, 1998). History, religion, and ritual merge in major, multimedia oral events (e.g., those involving mixtures of storytelling, song, and movement), such as the Mwindo epic of the Nyanga people in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo or the Tulu-language Siri epic of southern India. For example, in Kangra, a town in Himachal Pradesh, northwestern India, older women sing a type of song known as pakhau to contemplate and comment on the hardships of married life. 1. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The scale corresponds to a series of ever more complex and demanding textual genres. %PDF-1.4 Several researchers at that time (see, e.g., Scribner and Cole, 1981; Heath, 1983; Street, 1984; Graff, 1987) were critical about the conception of literacy as a neutral set of skills, or what Street (1984) describes as the autonomous model of literacy, which means literacy as a set of neutral skills can be used in different contexts and for different purposes to complete a set of tasks. Computer soft text transcends that postulated divide and erodes yet further the once-confident distinctions. Students could use their medical or law degree in service of the king, or their theology degree in the priesthood. A text allowed a reader the time and mental space to think about the idea being communicated. Followers abandoned a prophet and his movement when no cargo arrived and the world did not transform. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Their research perspective implies that literacy is a many faceted thing, from Gee's (2003) work on computer games to Kress's (2003) research on multimodal literacy. /Length 1857 A text may have been written down, or authored, by a specific person, but not always. Webcultural factors in producing varying human attributes, both in mental health and illness, is the existence or lack of literacy (Carothers, 1959). The changing spaces of reading and writing, Braille as a text technology (Assignment 3), http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/litoral/litoral.html, Making Connections: Opening Doors (cautiously? Apr 2, 2018. Orality and Literacy In What Ways Are Oral and Literate However, the emphasis on seamless, continuous logical sliding between media is precisely what makes transmedia an excellent benchmark for assessing transliterate functions of library information tools. The position is complicated, not least because others propound a new visual turn, but computer technologies certainly open new opportunities. Differences exist amongst oral cultures that can be as significant as those between oral and literate cultures. 110-111). /Contents 26 0 R 9 0 obj Orality Introduction. Orality and techauriture of African literatures /Resources 35 0 R Ong, Walter. /StructParent 1 Most notably, they are rule-governed. STORYTELLING. /Subtype /Link /Nums [0 17 0 R] /Contents 30 0 R /Type /Page Each stage was seen as having distinctive properties, with the Great Divide between primitive and civilized marked by literacy. WebIn Orality and Literacy, Walter Ong draws from cultural anthropology, Greco-Roman classical antiquity, and modern (McCluhan and company) to illustrate the differences between primary oral cultures (societies that do not have written language) and chirographic or literate cultures. Ong rejects the term oral literature as preposterous. The 2 The modern discovery of primary oral cultures, 6 Oral memory the story line and characterization, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Orality and Literacy: 30th Anniversary Edition. Most recently, informatics, as a new branch of mathematics, leaves deep imprints in everyday life. term by irvin chang. H|KnB1Eoo$*{+` U+u6 ^+! Other scholars argued that the basic question was over-general, giving a spurious identity to multiplex notions (see Boyarin 1993, Schousboe and Larsen 1989, Street 1993). He discusses how research shows many similarities exist between oral and literate societies that should not be overlooked. The Basque poets of southern France and northern Spain use their improvisational contest poetry, called bertsolaritza, not merely to entertain but to discuss cultural, linguistic, and political problems. The earliest forms of human communication were oral languages (Ong, 2002, pp. Both have a medial and a conceptual side. The origins of Western literacy: literacy in Ancient Greece and Rome Rosalind Thomas 20. /Contents 24 0 R The mystery of the archaic Homeric poemssimply put, Who was Homer and what relation did he have to the surviving texts?was solved by modern comparative investigation. WebBy school culture, which situates literacy above the year 2050, our nation will be a majority- orality. /Producer (Apache FOP Version 2.4) If you want to add yourself to this blog, please log in. They challenged the ethnocentric (Western-based) bias of the contrast and its implicit technological determinism. endobj Electracy is to digital technology what literacy is to alphabetic writing. << Far more than just talking, oral tradition refers to a dynamic and highly diverse oral-aural medium for evolving, storing, and transmitting knowledge, art, and ideas. 2. The third is the reflective phase (late 1990s on). B Treatment decisions should be timely and based on evidence-based guidelines Similar perspectives are reflected in sociocultural learning theories where learning is related to the use of specific artefacts and tools (Slj, 1999). /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Prophets also often preached against socially divisive practices of sorcery, in particular, along with other threats to group unity. This revolved round the question of whether there is some generalizable divide between oral and literate cultures, and/or between oral and literate minds. A primary oral culture is defined by Walter J. Ong (1982, p.11) as one that is completely void of any knowledge of writing or print while a secondary orality is a new orality sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and function on writing and print. /TrimBox [0 0 612 792] Members of a literate society have thought processes that rely on the technology of writing and tend to be analytic and dissecting, rather than the aggregate and harmonizing tendencies of thought by members of an oral society (Ong, 1982). Some cargo cults, however, have been successfully institutionalized and continue to be active in different form. WebOrality and Literacy as Factors of 'Black' and 'White' Communicative Behavior. WebOralityis thoughtand verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy(especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. /Annots [19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] Collapse of movement solidarity served sometimes to excuse the failure of prophecy. Humans have used many different communication tools over the centuries, such as oral discussion, the book, the newspaper, or the internet. /C [0 0 0] endobj Others focused on ritually miming European practices and styles, including dinner tables, dress, and letter writing. >> A text also became an object, which was independent of its author or group. Ong on the Differences between Orality and Literacy Orality and Literacy 25 Years Later - Santa Clara University >> Posted on September 30, 2012 by jkendell Introduction: In the book Orality and Literacy by Walter J. Ong (2002), Ong delves into the rich history of the development of literate cultures. Movement to this phase was stimulated by the recognition that ICT could be a vehicle to accomplish student-centered pedagogies. To cite this chapter in an in-text citation using APA: J.M. Orality transmutes into orature, oracy, or oral literature when either unconsciously or deliberately couched in esthetic forms rather than when deployed in perfunctory manner or primarily for content transmission.

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