While the causes of attitudinal cross pressure include a large variety of social, individual, and situational factors, the etiology of all kinds of affiliative cross pressure reduces itself to what Riecken (1959, p. 178) calls social transition. The term covers both vertical and horizontal mobility, as well as certain processes of culture change, i.e., acculturation and cultural evolution. It is clear that cross-pressured voters will play an increasingly important role in shaping the political landscape in the future. The Persuadable Voter shows how emerging information technologies have changed the way candidates communicate, who they target, and what issues they talk about. Frenkel-Brunswik, Else 1949 Intolerance of Ambiguity as an Emotional and Perceptual Personality Variable. The theory is tested using a properly specified model for the 1956 national voting data and then for the 1948 Elmira data. This may involve reaching out to voters from a variety of backgrounds and crafting messages that speak to their unique experiences and concerns. It is essential to understand cross-pressured voters because they make up a significant proportion of the electorate. Journal of Personality 18:108143. Cross-pressured voters may live in areas with varying economic needs, and may hold conflicting beliefs about how these needs should be addressed through government policy. For the OB group it is Brexit which most exorcises them: more than 40% of this group say leaving the EU is the most important issue facing society. The Democracy Fund Voter Study Group is a research collaboration of leading analysts and scholars from across the political spectrum. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. In the 2018 midterm elections, the G.O.P. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. . -propaganda, means of communication that can reach large, widely dispersed audiences simultaneiusly, what type of voter will only vote for candidates in their party, an individual denied the right to vote is known as ________________, list 3 types of interest groups and provide an example of each, -economic= trade associations In primary elections in the United States, crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters cast ballots for a party with which they are not traditionally affiliated. Having explained how clusters of the electorate have shaped the UK political landscape, Paula Surridge, Michael Turner, Robert Struthers, and Clive McDonnell focus on two of the most cross-pressured of these groups. Foreign The Voting Rights Act of 1965 requires that ballots be printed in __________ languages. This form of crossover voting has been referred to as "No Option".[9]. Crossover voting occurs when a voter who participated in one political party's primary election votes in the primary run-off election for an opposing political party. 268270). Cross-pressured voter - pg 548: A voter who is caught between conflicting elements in his or her identity - religion, ethnicity, income level, peer group: 2. This cross-pressured position is reflected in the political behaviour of these clans, particularly in 2015 before the other party vote had collapsed. . Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Evanston, III. In 2015, around one in four of each of these groups voted for a party outside of the main two parties. sociologists who are faculty members at colleges and universities, researchers, About a quarter of the electorate are "cross pressured" on economics and immigration aligning with Democrats on one issue and Republicans on the other. No one is on the extreme right or left. The authors' novel approach to identifying both persuadable voters and effective micro-targeting techniques provides the most powerful evidence for their argument. Coverage of swing voters in American elections tends to assume that such voters are moderate centrists. Future Conservative Electoral Prospects : Time for Tory Socialism (April 27, 2023). 11331134) further believe that the cross-pressure mechanism contributes to the maintenance of existing power relations, since lower-class people are subject to the pressures of both their lower-class culture and the upper-class-controlled mass media; for upper-class people, there is no such divergence between affiliative and mass-media pressures. : Row, Peterson. RT @DavidOAtkins: This chart explains *so much* about modern American politics. Private Company. Your email address will not be published. Oxford OX2 6JX [See alsoCognitive theory; Elections; Political behavior; Public opinion; Socialization.]. Cross-Pressure and Voting Behavior: Evidence from Randomized However, the date of retrieval is often important. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Directions, Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. Washington, D.C.August 6, 2019 These conflicting beliefs may arise due to a variety of factors, including ideological differences, social networks, and economic needs. Similarly, cross pressures arising from multiple-group membership tend to restrain interest groups from extreme and uncompromising stands (Truman 1951, p. 158). Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) 1 voters' political behaviour in contemporary Western Europe is distinct from that of heterosexuals. Pages 80120 in Eugene Burdick and Arthur J. Brodbeck (editors), American Voting Behavior. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Podcast: These Political Scientists Surveyed 500,000 Voters. How do cross-pressured voters make decisions? Volume 2, pages 11241175 in Gardner Lindzey (editor), Handbook of Social Psychology. Voters are more evenly split on immigration, with independent voters right of center. Rather, certain personality characteristics, the frequency of their occurrence in a given society, and their distribution over the structure of social roles must be considered contributory sources of variability. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Required fields are marked *. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. "John Sides, Public Opinion Quarterly, "Buell and Sigelman provide a crucial foundation for future work, as it is rich description of the type presented in this book that allows scholars to derive more general hypotheses. They're socially bigoted and economically leftist. The cross pressured voter is not loyal to any one party and. Understanding the Addition Property of Equality: Definition and Examples, Unlocking the True Meaning of Mass Incarceration: A Comprehensive Definition. As this suggests that such voters may not hold strong preferences for one party over another, it follows that their incentives to participate in elections could well be weaker than those of their less cross-pressured peers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. We often think of elections as a competition for moderate, centrist swing voters. In order to succeed, politicians must find ways to speak to the complex backgrounds and concerns of these voters, and acknowledge the diversity of opinions they may hold. By addressing specific issues that are important to them and finding common ground between conflicting beliefs. Serving Sociologists in Their Work The Persuadable Voter reminds us that, overall, the outcome of elections and the face of politics hinge on the ability of parties, candidates, and voters to adapt to each other and to the changing nature of political appeals. Addressing the issues facing these voters on multiple levels can help politicians engage with them and ultimately win their votes at the ballot box. A cross pressured voter is someone who is receiving mixed cues as to how they should vote. Supporting gun rights but also wanting stricter background checks, Believing in individual freedoms but also supporting government intervention to combat climate change, Being pro-life but also supporting access to birth control and sex education. 1. It is this combination of the economic and the social which produces these cross-pressured positions. "[P]ath-breaking. A quarter of the electorate (25 percent) are consistently to the right on the same economic and immigration issues. In the next two sections, the measure is further validated by means of an assessment of how high- and low cross-pressured voters in Germany motivate their vote choices in open-ended questions and by means of an examination of how group-based cross-pressure correlates with party evaluations. through its Executive Office, is well positioned to provide a unique set of Analyses that make use of panel survey data confirm these key findings. Robert Struthers is a Senior Research Executive at BMG Research. The employees whose names were on the checks never actually requested them. These cross-pressured clans are especially interesting and sharply illustrate the analytical power of understanding groups according to their value clusters on multiple dimensions rather than relying on old heuristics such as left-right position or socio-economic position alone. // In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Voters are gravitating toward candidates who are telling them coherent stories that make sense. T: (202) 420-7900. Campbell, Angus; Gurin, Gerald; and Miller, Warren E. 1954 The Voter Decides. Yet another version of the affiliative cross-pressure hypothesis holds reference groups accountable for the generation of conflicts. To do this, politicians must recognize that these voters complex backgrounds require nuanced campaign messaging that addresses their concerns and speaks to their experiences. 2023 . The number of Americans who are liberal on economics but conservative on immigration is much larger than the number of Americans who are conservative on economics and liberal on immigration. The OB clan were one of four who saw a declining share of the vote for the Conservatives between 2015 and 2017; these groups are the four most liberal of the clans (they were also the four most pro-Remain though the largest swing away from the Conservatives is not among the most pro-Remain group). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. campaign; they tend to split their ticket; and more of them fail to vote than in the general population. As well as their 2015 voting behaviour, these two clans are particularly distinctive in the education qualifications of their members. 1200 17th Street NW Suite 300 https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/cross-pressure, "Cross Pressure //]]>. New Report: Voters "Cross | Democracy Fund Voter Study Group Introduction. The main burden of the cross-pressure hypothesis is the postulated decrease in interest, partisanship, and other forms of involvement as the pressures upon the individual become more evenly balanced: the notion is that such pressures then tend to cancel each other. The book will find a wide audience among political science graduate and undergraduate students, and will be of interest to journalists and politicians. The Cross-pressures of the Volatile Politics in Goa - Jnanamrit The checks were drawn on Golden Years' account at First National Bank. Torn Between International Cooperation and National Sovereignty: Voter If this assumption of objective social reality were not made, there would be no reason to treat cross pressure as a special phenomenon apart from the general field of internal psychological conflict. We use cookies on this site to understand how you use our content, and to give you the best browsing experience. Two types of insurance-purposed crossover voters exist: Party raiding is a tactic where members of one party attempt to sabotage another party's primary by voting for an opposing candidate they do not see as standing a chance against their party's candidate,[4] or voting so as to prolong divided support between two or more contenders for that party's nomination (especially for president). They may struggle to make decisions and may vote based on the specific issue or candidate rather than a consistent ideology. . What is cross pressured voter? 2 In most elections since 1972, ANES respondents have been asked to place themselves on a seven-point scale, where 1 is "Men and women should be equal" and 7 is "women's place is in the home." Phone: +44 1993 814500 Bentley, Arthur F. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Quote Tweet. It allows for a richer, intuitively more satisfying consideration of the economically motivated voter. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 New Report: Voters "Cross-Pressured" on the Economy and Immigration In a less direct way, it may apply to affiliative conflict as well. Riecken, Henry W. 1959 Primary Groups and Political Party Choice. /2. These two types of conflict can be illustrated by voting behavior, the field of study to which the cross-pressure hypothesis has most frequently been applied. 369375). "Adam Berinsky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Hillygus and Shields find more persuadable voters out there than I believed existed and the book's conception of cross-pressuring issues is compelling. PDF Vocabulary Activity: Voting and Elections - SOCIAL SCIENCES While the two types of cross pressure are not mutually exclusive and frequently occur together, they are based on different psychological mechanisms. What is a cross pressured voter? 1954, p. 100). The Genesis of Fire: Unraveling the Definition of Point of Origin, Understanding Contact Time: Definition and Meaning. Parties, candidates and the voters are cross-pressured. Crossover votes are often strategic, though not necessarily so. Crossover Voting Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. What is cross pressured voter? If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. How much of the first$20,000 payment should Anne include in gross income? Politicians who understand and can appeal to these voters are more likely to succeed. Children and teenagers feel social pressure to conform to the group of peers with whom they socialize. I'm cross-pressured but in exactly the opposite way. In attitudinal conflict the individual is assumed to be striving for consistency between his actions and the various relevant parts of his attitude structure, whereas in affiliative conflict he is trying to adjust satisfactorily to various relevant parts of his social environment. . Which of these responses will actually occur may be a matter of the individuals ability to tolerate internal conflict. The PPS group were the clan most likely to have supported UKIP in 2015 (UKIP gained a 22% share of the vote in this clan), while the OB group were the most likely to have supported the Liberal Democrats (who gained a 19% share among this clan). 27 Apr 2023 00:49:14 A cross pressured voter is someone who is receiving mixed cues as to how they should vote. Other definitions of cross pressure include conflict between group norms or preferences and internalized values and between group and mass-media pressures. Students of voting behavior have shown that cross pressures are associated with a reduction of partisanship and interest in both the election campaign and its outcome. [citation needed] The cross pressured voter is not loyal to any one party. Emphasis is on exceptional quality and general interest. Allan on Twitter: "RT @DavidOAtkins: This chart explains *so much Keywords: Volatility, group-based cross-pressure, cross-pressure . By presenting a clear and consistent message that speaks to their values and concerns. 3 Answer Key 1. 140143) saw cross pressures as the social mechanism which leads to the development of individuality. Biden's low poll numbers are exactly what we should expect, How Christian Overtook the Protestant Label. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Persuadable Voter examines recent and historical campaigns using a wealth of data from national surveys, experimental research, campaign advertising, archival work, and interviews with campaign practitioners. You can find your values clan by answering the questions here. For example, as reported in The People's Choice (Lazarsfeld et al, 1968), the cross-pressured voter took longer to make his decision in the course of Glencoe, III. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Their right and the left are crossing ideologies, attitudes and policies. Affiliative conflict can result from a persons attachment to several groups which have preferences for different alternatives. [CDATA[ For example, a voter who participated in the Republican Party primary may not vote in the Democratic Party's primary runoff. David Atkins on Twitter: "This chart explains *so much* about modern services to its members and to promote the vitality, visibility, and diversity In both cases no evidence of the existence of cross-pressure effects is found. But this analysis reveals that many of these swing voters are not so much moderate as they are cross pressured, and may decide who to vote for based on what issues the candidates emphasize.. Two broad categories of such conflicts can be distinguishedattitudinal and affiliative. Glencoe, III. A cross-pressured voter is someone who holds conflicting political beliefs or values that put them at odds with one another. Image Parsons, Talcott 1959 Voting and the Equilibrium of the American Political System. The concept of cross pressure is typically used to link the choice-behavior of individuals to social processes. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Conversely, a person not so firmly attached and thus experiencing greater conflict may be more deeply involved. the procedure by which an elected official may be removed from office by popular vote the use of ideas, information, or rumors to influence opinion to deprive of the right to vote an exemption in law for a certain group based on previous conditions impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle money paid in order to vote The American Sociological Association (ASA), founded in 1905, is a non-profit It is becoming increasingly common for voters to feel conflicted in their political beliefs and identities. Enter your library card number to sign in. Again, the voting preferences a person imputes to friends or business associates must be their real voting preferences. What is one way in which voter apathy could be remedied?Does a tick instead of a cross invalidate a vote? - Answers Directions. The existing evidence on voting behavior does not preclude such interpretations, since it relies exclusively on the reports of subjects about their associates, not upon direct testing of these associates themselves (Luce 1959, pp. "Mark Rice, In-Spire, Journal of Law, Politics and Societies, "Written in an accessible style, The Persuadable Voter is an engaging reading, especially distinguishing itself in clarity and the high currency of the themes examined. (202) 420-7928, Jack DAmatomedia@voterstudygroup.org(404) 995-4500. Available as The PPS clan are broadly left-wing in their economic values (favouring redistribution and renationalisation) but are socially conservative (with negative views of immigration and multiculturalism, gender equality and identity, and punitive views of law and order). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Cross Pressure | Encyclopedia.comCross-cutting cleavage - Wikipedia The challenge is to identify the factors that contribute to their complexity and craft a message that speaks to them on several levels. This attempt was also unsuccessful.[8]. All areas of sociology are welcome. 127130). "Crossover Voting Before the Blanket: Primaries Versus Parties in California History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossover_voting&oldid=1107887749, Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 September 2022, at 11:41. Advancing Sociology as a Science and Profession "Cross Pressure In the 2018 mid-term elections, the GOP lost support among economically liberal/anti-immigration Americans (19 percent . Maybe the term cross-pressure can become our guiding light to understand the political drama unleashed in our society. This divide reflects the EU Referendum votes of the two clans. For the action of changing political parties by an elected official, see, The examples and perspective in this article, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Causes and Consequences of Crossover Voting in the 1998 California Elections", "Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed, and "Top Two", "Malaysia Parliament passes anti-party hopping law: What does it mean? A cross pressured voter is someone who is receiving mixed cues as to how they should vote. Lauren Strayermedia@voterstudygroup.org They may also prioritize certain values over others in different contexts. Directions, 99 Banbury Road It has been suggested that such ability to tolerate ambiguity or dissonance is a part of personality structure (Frenkel-Brunswik 1949; Festinger 1957, pp. On immigration, the overall distribution is similar but Democrats, independents, and Republicans are all farther to the right. American Sociological Review Lane, Robert E. 1959 Political Life: Why People Get Involved in Politics. This physical analogy carries over into the realm of social and political relations: the lower the aggregate energy potentials carried by all its members, the less the tensions in the society. OF CROSS-PRESSURES An important theme in the voting be-havior research of the "Columbia School" is the specification of the effects of cross-pres-sures on voting behavior. Pages 330352 in Eugene Burdick and Arthur J. Brodbeck (editors), American Voting Behavior. . This chart explains *so much* about modern American politics. Thus, it is not possible to assert unconditionally that cross pressures will always reduce social and political tensions. Berelson, Bernard; Lazarsfeld, Paul F.; and McPhee, William N. 1954 Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Voters Under Pressure: Group-Based Cross-Pressure and Electoral Volatility, VOTER VOLATILITY, LONG-TERM DETERMINANTS, AND SHORT-TERM DETERMINANTS OF THE VOTE, How socio-demographic factors have fared over time, A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLAINING CHANGE: Group-based Cross-pressures and voter volatility, Sources of instability: Cross-pressures and unconstrained vote choices, How cross-pressured voters motivate their vote, How cross-pressured voters evaluate parties, The impact of cross-pressures: Less constraint, Cross-pressures, late deciding, and volatility, Appendix A Data sets used for the analyses, Appendix B Percentage of campaign deciders by election, Appendix D Change in the role of socio-demographics, Appendix E Partisanship in Germany: West versus East, Appendix G Wording of partisan strength measures, Appendix H Strength of partisanship, stacked area graphs, Appendix I Long-term and short-term factors, illustration, Appendix J Economic voting over time, alternative analytical approaches, Appendix K Measurement and wording of short-term variables, Appendix L Change in the role of economic and leader evaluations, Appendix N European Election Study voter survey analyses, Appendix O Age, period, and cohort effects, Appendix P Party system fragmentation over time, Appendix Q Group-based cross-pressure and strength of partisan attachments, Appendix R Broader indicator of cross-pressure, Appendix S Measures of sophistication and frustration, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894137.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894137.003.0007.
