7. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. happy, truly, win), and the future tense. This assignment is a quick way to review thesis writing and give students repetitive practice and quickly analyzing nonfiction writing. Finally, the terms and sentences specific to each candidate will be computed and some examples will be given. Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). So when you have a president using . However, the binomial formulation is easier to use and gives a good approximation. He believed that the repetition of a simple message, even if false (Millbank, 2016), is enough to persuade the citizens that it is true. What are bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity? You will . In this type of analysis, the object of analysis is mostly some kind of book, a movie, or any other type of creative work. Types of Rhetorical Strategies. Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. The presence of Bernie Sanders occupying a position more on the left demonstrates that the Democratic primaries were more difficult than expected. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. . Myself and the future government? His answers contain more nouns and names adopting a more descriptive rhetoric. He's also changed the way political leaders talk. These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. Students write and record their own essays for a class blog by first completing a series of activities designed to get them thinking and writing about their experiences. PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: He's walking out, like, with big high-fives, smiling, laughing. One can count nine word tokens (or simply tokens) and six word types (or types). endobj MERCIECA: Absolutely. On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. The sentence boundaries are defined by the POS tagger (Toutanova et al., 2003) and correspond to strong punctuation symbols (namely, periods, question, and exclamation marks). More generally, Fig. Times of crisis in America can be defining moments in a political career and many have had the opportunity to change the national climate with their words and mastery of rhetorical . Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments | Read Write Think By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". evaluate to something in a careful and thoughtful way ad hominem reasoning that attacks the rather than the The present study is focusing on two less explored aspects, namely, the electoral campaign on the one hand, and on the other, the oral form. Allow students to select a speech from the. The second proposes to consider four overall stylistic measurements and applies them to the different candidates while the last sub-section describes the differences in the distribution of the grammatical categories between candidates. The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. MERCIECA: Well, I mean, when he dehumanizes people, when he tells his followers, you know, that you have to be forceful, you have to be strong TRUMP: Because you'll never take back our country with weakness - you have to show strength, and you have to be strong. Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. O Voting in the municipal election is a matter of life and death. Alliteration: Two or more words in a row that start with the same sound. How might worldwide demand for gasoline affect the economy of the Gulf coastal plain? Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. Me and the people? A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. Jacques Savoy, Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential primaries, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 2018, Pages 143159, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx007. Jobs' speech can be divided into five parts which are the introductory part to evoke the graduates' interest regarding the topic discussed, the three life anecdotes, and the . Just considering the ten most frequent words, similar sets appearing with each candidate and the difference between them lies on their ranking as shown previously. . Warm-Up Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches Lesson Question Lesson Goals? Finally, have students work on writing their papers by writing their introductions with an enticing grab or hook. If time permits, have students share their work. Read the excerpt from Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech. Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment. Help students find the history behind the speech without getting too bogged down in the details. Basic-level words tend to be short. The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. Read Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. Rhetorical strategies are the mechanisms used during communication that encourage action or persuade others. What rhetorical devices aided the authors manipulation of his audience? The For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. Antanagoge. Pine Creek Company completed 200,000 units during the year at a cost of $3,000,000. (They might be surprised at the answer. <> For him, all appearances and comments on the media were an opportunity for self-promotion. To distinguish between these two main components, the first map will use the stylistic aspects while the second will take into account the topical elements. Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to "open up" to the topic, the argument, or to the author. The tone shifts throughout the selection. The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. Which rhetorical technique does this paragraph demonstrate? Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. . Work with students to identify warrants, claims, and appeals. Even if the topics are not directly and fully controlled by the candidates, the debate format corresponds to a more spontaneous form of communication, able to reveal more closely the real person behind her/his projected image. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. %PDF-1.7 Walker (R)) while others have been ignored because they have played a minor role during the electoral campaign (e.g. With a longer distance, one can find the team Rubio and Cruz, with Bush having some affinities with this pair. O to rally the support of the American people for war. The relationship of some candidates to their origin is also represented (Ohio with Kasich, Texas for Cruz, Kentucky with Paul, Maryland for OMalley). President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. 25 Examples of Rhetorical Strategies in Famous Speeches Note. Note. 3 0 obj Analysis and History of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address - Study.com 4 0 obj Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. As demonstrated previously, Trump opted for a simple and direct communication style, preferring short sentences with simple words. To reflect the style, one can consider the k top most frequent lemmas from our electoral corpus. 3. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). The last example illustrates how Trump can push away his opponents to place himself in the center of the debate. W 2K Words to Know Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx Barack Obama Inaugural Address: Analysis Introduction. Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). 6.4 Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined Remind them to refer to the. This analysis is based on the thematic concentration of a text, providing a first overview at the recurrent topical terms used by each candidate. hierarchical clustering built on the complete link) to visualize the different groups of candidates according to their stylistic profiles. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. The fourth describes and applies different measurements and methods to define and compare the rhetoric and style of the different candidates. Can one measure the stylistic distance between the candidates in both parties? This website contains audio of the Top 100 speeches of all time. Once the speechwriter is identified, it is easier to find information on the speech. Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments - National Council of - NCTE Using the State of the Union addresses given by the Founding Fathers, this average value is 39.6 (with Madison depicting the highest MSL with 44.8 tokens/sentence). This date in history marks the inauguration of a number of U.S. Presidents. She was a Puritan woman who was outspoken about her beliefs and challenged the authority of the male-dominated Puritan church. Analysis, Pages 4 (864 words) Views. Presidential Studies Quarterly The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . health care reform in 1993). As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. Dont vote for the other one, Analysis Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Finding her voice: Hillary Clinton Rhetoric in the 2008 presidential campaign, Presidential Campaigns. With a similar value and following the same tendency, one can find Trump and Paul. South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Those terms correspond to recurrent thematic words or expressions on which the author wants to insist. O The repetition emphasizes the principles of freedom. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. This research was supported, in part, by the NSF under Grant #200021_149665/1. Decide whether you want to allow more than one student to analyze and write about the same speech in each class. Steve Jobs Commencement Speech Analysis - Free Essays By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. To obtain an overall measure of the intensity of the action over the descriptive part of a text, Kubt and Cech (2016) suggest to compute the ratio between the proportion of verbs divided by the sum of the proportion of the verbs and adjectives. Some persons never appear in a TV debate (e.g. I think that Joe Biden will be a much more responsible communicator than President Trump has been, and so we'll see if that sort of evens things out. As another example, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010) regroups different categories used to evaluate the authors psychological status (e.g. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. Moreover, the first and last examples tackle one of the recurrent topics for the Democrat, for which the terms college, university, and tuition are specific in Sanders rhetoric. That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. In a few words, Trump is able to talk not about a single but a few topics. Choose from (a) Alfred Binet, (b) Howard Gardner, (c) Arthur Jensen, (d) Lewis Terman, (e) Robert Sternberg, and (f) David Wechsler. The web-based communication (e.g. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). Using graphical views to represent results of stylistic analysis is not new in quantitative linguistics studies. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. This lesson has students explore freedom of speech by examining the Pledge of Allegiance from a historical and personal perspective and in relationship to fictional situations in novels. Rhetorical Analysis Essay Two: Speeches by US Presidents Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to write a rhetorical analysis of two speeches. jobs/nns job/nn) or by substituting inflectional suffixes of verbs (e.g. A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). We will use rhetorical analysis to examine how presidential candidates and political commentators attempt to achieve their purposes in speeches, websites, and articles. Even if Hillarys candidature appeared more natural, she needed to convince the Democrats and their sympathizers that she was the right person who can win the general election. Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. Primary Source Set Presidential Speeches - The Library of Congress YouTube). 1 0 obj Which statement from a city mayor's speech is an example of hyperbole? For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, I would I had that corporal soundness: Pervez Rizvi's Analysis of the Word Adjacency Network Method of Authorship Attribution, Provenance visualization: Tracing people, processes, and practices through a data-driven approach to provenance, Proverbs as indicators of proficiency for art-generating AI, A new approach for the construction of historical databasesNoSQL Document-oriented databases: the example of AtlantoCracies, The Digital Reading Condition. A text is, however, a composite item in which one finds both the style with its lexical, syntactical, or discourse factors, and the recurrent words belonging to the topics. The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. This session would happen in about a week. Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy's Inauguration Speech 929 Words | 4 Pages MERCIECA: Yeah, he's absolutely used the fire hose of propaganda model. To measure the specificity attached to a term (Lafon, 1980; Muller, 1992), the corpus is split into two disjoint parts denoted P0 and P1. The over-used terms and typical sentences associated with each candidate reveal their specific topics such as simple flat tax for Cruz, balanced budget for Kasich, negativity with Trump, or critiques against large corporations and Wall Street for Sanders. This estimator has the drawback of being instable, tending to decrease with text length (Baayen, 2008). SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863. Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. Allow students to read and/or perform parts of the speeches out loud. stream Presidential Communication to Children: An Analysis of Persuasive These morphological tags (Marcus et al., 1993) correspond mainly to those used in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982). It includes:- a copy of President Ronald Reagan's "Challenger" speech with numbered paragraphs- a graphic organizer that asks students to identify SOAPSTone and Ethos, Pathos, and Logos elements (along with the scaffolding of paragraph numbers to return to)- a key to the graphic organizer- an open ended question prompt for formative or summative Noah Serda On June 24, 1985, Reagan gave a speech at a fundraising event to try to help the Kennedy Library foundation create an endowment for the presidential library, Reagan talks about Kennedy in his speech to not only help the Kennedy library but to honor Kennedy in front of his family and to talk about his legacy. The Labbs measure (Labb, 2007) has however demonstrated its effectiveness in various authorship attribution problems such as in literary works (Labb and Labb, 2006), in historical newspaper articles (Savoy, 2013), or in political speeches (Savoy, 2015d). The top ten most frequent lemmas according to TV debates. Me and the workers? So scholars call that stochastic terrorism. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Le discours gouvernemental. Focusing on governmental speeches written in French, Labb and Monire (2003; 2008a) have created a set of governmental corpora such as the Speeches from the Throne (Canada and Quebec), a corpus of the general policy statements of French governments (Labb and Monire, 2003; 2008a) as well as a collection of press releases covering the French presidential campaign of 2012 (Labb and Monire, 2013; Arnold and Labb, 2015). The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? A Text Analysis of the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign Speeches endobj Usually Senators (e.g. Students study Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and work in groups to create a mural that depicts Dr. King's vision of peace. write an analysis of a speech with in-text documentation. Getting to Know You: Developing Short Biographies to Build Community, Phonic Generalizations in Chrysanthemum, My World of Words: Building Vocabulary Lists, The Day Jimmy's Boa Taught Cause and Effect, Literary Scrapbooks Online: An Electronic Reader-Response Project, background and information sheet for teachers, 10-minute clip of a contemporary presidential speech, Queen Elizabeths speech to the troops at Tilbury. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Refer to recent elections, if possible, and/or bring in flyers and/or brochures. . Those Z score values can verify whether the underlying lemma is used proportionally with roughly the same frequency in both parts (Z score value close to 0). This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. Tags may be attached to nouns (nn, noun, singular, nns noun, plural, nnp proper noun, singular), verbs (vb, lemma, vbg gerund or present participle, vbp non-3rd-person singular present, vbz 3rd-person singular present), adjectives (jj, jjr adjective in comparative form), personal pronouns (prp), prepositions (in), and adverbs (rb). In the Brown corpus, the top ten most frequent lemmas are as follows: the, be, of, and, to, a, in, he, have, it. SHAPIRO: You point out that President Trump is much more eager than any of his predecessors to dehumanize his opponents. specifically the only three presidential speeches that have been designed for children. Extreme values are depicted in bold. You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. detects/vbz detect/vb). You ask a lot of stupid questions. C) Loaded language is used to appeal to emotions. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. TRUMP: What a stupid question. analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. Here the candidate wants to put forward his competence in generating balanced budgets as Governor of Ohio. Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. D) A quick judgment is made without the use of evidence. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. O A person is attacked rather than an argument. And Donald Trump has wielded language like a cudgel. However, as mentioned by Biber and Conrad (2009, p. 262): Language that has its source in writing but performed in speech does not necessarily follow the generalization [written vs. oral]. This strategy guide clarifies the difference between persuasion and argumentation, stressing the connection between close reading of text to gather evidence and formation of a strong argumentative claim about text. Maria Engberg, Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen (eds), About Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, About the European Association for Digital Humanities, About the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations, 4 Evaluation of Stylistic Characteristics of the Candidates, 5 Evaluation of Topical Characteristics of the Candidates, http://observer.com/2016/11/email-reveals-clinton-camp-spied-on-sanders-delegates-before-convention/, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 EADH: The European Association for Digital Humanities. 6.3 What is Rhetorical Analysis? - A Guide to Rhetoric, Genre, and (4) Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches

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